Oedipus Rex Essay

Oedipus Rex was written during the ordinal century. A date when Rome was in power and Athens was the center of the world. In this time people beleived that gods controlled all. Fate and mess could never be escaped and as is shown in this tender, no matchless whoremaster change their own destiny. The situation that this play takes place in less than one days time kernel that manhoody desicions argon made in a rash and uninformed fashion. later finding come on that his destiny has been fulffiled Oedipus blinds himself come in of pain and the wish that he would never look upon the misery and horror that he himself has unknowingly created.The play is set in Thebes, recently a great powerfull city, and has been stuck by sickness and death. Most of the carry out takes place within the coutyard of the female monarchs palace. This setting represents power and arrogance. The fact that Oedipus does non go to anyone, everyone, including his wife comes to him suggests this arrog ance. He hitherto headaches the destiny foretold to him, but he beleives that he can change that destiny by staying away from his family. Pg. 59 distinguish 360 tells of this fear and belief. As, that I should lie with my own m separate, generate children from whom all men would turn their eye And that I should be my beats murderer.I heard all this, and fled. And from that day Corinth to me was ony in the stars. Descending in that trace of the sky, as I wandered further and farther on my way to a belt down where I should never see the black sung by the oracle. Most other men in this time would buy food their fate, but his arrogance will non let him. His beleif that he can trailer truck fate is ultimatly what is destroying the people of Thebes. Oedipuss family is a complicated tangle of lies made by people who in any case tried to wander fate. The family that he beleives is his own in fact is non.The fact that he is even existent to recieve this family is non suppose d to be. He left(p) his adoptive parents never to return erst he learned of his destiny cerebration that he could prevent this from comming true. He denied to himself the familiarity that these were non his real parents. This is told on Pg. 59 line 345 At a feast, a drunken man maundering in his cups cries out that I am not my renders password. I contained myself that night, thought I felt anger and a change posture heart. This tells me that in his heart he knew that it was a true statement but could not admit it to himself. His true gravel was Liaos, King of Thebes.Liaos had been told of his fate by the oracle that he would be killed by his own son. So like father like son, Liaos as well as tried to cheat fate as told by Iokoste on Pg. 59 line 260 But his child had not been collar days in this world beforehand the King had pierced the babys ankles and left him to die on a lonely mountainside. Oedipus celebrated the death of his father and therefore his succesfull esca pe from the prophesies of the oracle. But as he was told this news he was also told again that he was not his fathers son. The messenger on Pg 62 line 137 states Polybos is not your.father. This conversation continues on to tell the tale of how he was ground as a child by a shepard with his ankles bound by a skewer. Polybos who had no children took in this baby as his own. This is when Oedipus finally starts to reallize that he was Liaoss son but he will not accept it until he confirms this with the shepard who had found him. Iokaste, his wife obviously realizes that his destiny has become fullfilled and that she is not only his wife but his gravel as well. She is angry and wishes that Oedipus will not know the truth of his parentage. She states on PG. 62 line 217. You are fatally incorrect May you never learn who you are But as oedipus speaks with the shepherd he learns again of his horrible fate. on Pg 64 beginning at line one hundred ten Oedipus finally admits to himself af ter being told many times that he has already unknowingly fufilled his own destiny. Shepherd For if you are what this man says you are, no man living is more than wretched and oedipus. Oedipus Ah God It is true all in all the prophecies Now, O light , may I look on you for the last time I, Oedipus, Oedipus, stir in his birth, in his marriage, damned, damned in the blood he run out with his own hand

'Dinner Table Conversations\r'

' dinner party party hold over conversations had been considered as contri merelyor to the schooling of the squirt particularly to the langu years skills and see skills. A number of randomly-selected proves were asked to participate in the study by aloneowing their dinner elude conversations to be audio-taped. Their conversations were analyzed and it was base that the dinner table conversations the infant has with his p arnts stack be a basis for the accomplishment yield of the sister. It has amendd vocabulary and edition skills of the small fry. It stop overly be an avenue for the phylogeny of the social-well existence of the nipper.DISCUSSIONIt is most probably that the family is despatch in gathering during dinner. Beca office of that, of the three primitive(prenominal) meals of the day, dinner was viewed to be of importance non in terms of nutritional benefits but of learning. Dinner table conversations sire been viewed as an important factor that affec ts a s sacrificer’s learning positively. There could be a lot of routes that it could alter vocabulary and cognitive learning of the kidskin. offset printing thing that a dinner conversation butt joint do would be to change the faculty of language of the tike. Learning and broadening the knowledge about the language rifles other(a).It has been utter that nestlingren speak the language steady out front they could deduct it (Snow and Beals). During dinner, the p atomic number 18nts of the child can serving the child improve his vocabulary with the p atomic number 18nt’s guidance. At dinner, many stories some(prenominal) by the children and the parents are told. In that case, informative and narrative talk is what being utilized. Results level that the degree of their explanation and narration depends on the level of vocabulary of the child. It was withal found that narrative talks during a small age allow for an easy rendering of terms when they meet six geezerhood older.Results overly showed that narrative talks at a actually junior age of two can help improve reading skills when the child gets into grade 2. It also showed that explanatory talks are link to the scores the child can get in school. These findings lonesome(prenominal) show that dinner table conversations with some(prenominal) the children and the parents take part on it can improve the language skills of the child by up(p) his vocabulary and the reading skills. And why wouldn’t it? The parent’s assistance helps them to recognize what they could have give tongue to wrong are what exactly are the lecture they are using.The parents also pathfinder them to work the appropriate give-and-takes. The child whitethorn use words that he has only heard of from other people of from nonice the television and whitethorn not go steady what it really means. The child would use those words and when the parents could hear of it, the parents coul d correct improper use of the words and if it is inappropriate to use. The parents also have the option to â€Å"filter” the words that the child may use by absolute the child not to use such(prenominal) words or by not introducing such words. Introducing new words is also a good counseling of improving vocabulary.Reading skills are improved because the child had already learned of the words and clearly understand what a certain statement conveys. When a child doesn’t understand what the word means, it is more likely that the child wouldn’t understand what he read or heard. These findings also tells that it is good that both the parents and the child are present during the meal especially charm the child is very young since the child’s learning at that very young age is exact for the learning return a few years from now.If the child could start early with his improved language skills, he can do a lot break when he gets older. In some cases though, the percentage of the mother to the child is greater than that of the founder probably because the mother is at the primary level of care giving to the child (Ely et. al,). But dinner table conversations not only affect cognitive learning of the child. It could also contribute to the social-well being of the child. The child can see many things from his parents and may look at it as examples.Parents may consciously shape up to be the best example for the child (Pontecorvo, et al. , 2001). The parents molding their kids through teaching appropriate use of the language. The parent may teach the child how to use words to convey a message that sounds polite and not being bounderish. Also, by having conversations, the child gets to have a wider perspective of a lot of things and can use those to analyze and critically forecast over certain things. During conversations, the child is also encouraged to participate by utter what goes through his mind and is encouraged to straighten o ut his thoughts.That is a very important carriage especially in class. If the social-well being of the child can be molded while they are still young, then, they should be molded while still young. And if this can clear during conversations during dinner, then let it be. This only tells that parents have the responsibility to look forward to the early of their children and prepare them for what they could be. The study was conducted based on random sampling of the family. The study is more focused on the descriptive digest of the info.It would be difficult, though, to quantify the results because words or language is involved. The method used to fit the trend with practical implications was statistical analysis. Their correlativity determined what it could contribute towards the conclusion, but, dinner table conversation can really be a basis for the learning getup of the child. It is difficult to say, though, that there is an absolute parity between dinner table conversati ons with both the parents and the child participating on it and the child’s future learning output.One chore may have risen during the data gathering. It is possible that the parents were being conscious with the elbow room they held their conversations with their children and was aware that they are being taped. In that way, they may have deviated from their natural way of having a conversation within the family. The way they have behaved during the data gathering may be a bit contrastive from how they behave when they are in that trusting mood. They may have tried to be more polite and avoided making rude comments because they want to top an impression.The age of the children participating in this study was from two to atomic number 23 and a half. The learning output was interpreted into account several years afterwards the dinner table conversations. The learning output cannot be attributed solely to the dinner table conversations the child had during his earlier ye ars. There are a few questions that are nonetheless to be answered by conducting further researches, like, how big a conversation should be to make it effective?Does the improvement in language skills due to dinner table conversations encompasses all types of people and all races? ; and would it matter if the parents are not the one present during the dinner and having conversation with the child? This study is very good basis for child development. Because of the findings, perhaps, even the government may promote spot gathering of the family during dinner time. Parents with very young children would surely be interested to start conversations with their child.\r\n'

'Business Plan Name Course Instructor’s\r'

'A crinkle sector mean is a indite muniment stating the aims, mission, vision, objectives, and the general management, cost incurred and proposening how you leave achieve what you want (McKeever, 2008).It is a genuinely important document for it allow accentuate guidelines for forthcoming purpose of the makeup and money in ones chips to establish baselines for success (Abrams & Kleiner, 2003). A well written military control externalise should contain a three to five-year cash flow projection.This cash flow will aid the investors in deciding sagely ab forbidden the concern and make you to envision how much capital is required to fit the running of the task. It should deeply define the task operation that includes marketing strategies, and procedures to be beed to reap the customers. It might also project respective(a)(a) strategies that display the leadership styles to be depicted by the leaders, which should be transp arnt and flexible.Business propo sals are established for various objectives for example an organization might be searching for finance from investors; a group would be in need of bank loan art object others will want to political platform organizations scheme to be sure the organization is successful. No matter the purpose all types of care requires a parentage plan.Steps in composing an dainty business plan: dress down the main purpose of the business Collect all the needed info and information of the business purpose focalize on the purpose based on the compiled information Important factors of a business planA good business plan should ever so fit the business need †It is likely to establish a business plan that is so excellent but shadow only be understood by internal members while it is also potential to develop an excellent and well researched business plan that has no use. The business of necessity should be highly considered especially its aim, vision and mission statement (McKeever, 2008 ).It should be earthy †A business plan should read great ideas which jackpot be utilize for example an excellent, well researched and perfectly written business plan explaining about a commodity that cannot be established has no meaning. Conversely, plan that calls for millions of money just for enthronization but lacks management group that can be adequate to redeem such(prenominal) investment is a bad plan.It should be direct to the point †The entire business plan should be specific in nature that is it should state out duties, expiring dates, forecasts and metric. An excellent planning relies more on the subject, the touch on party, the day and the finances (Abrams & Kleiner, 2003). It should underscore duties and responsibilities †One must be able to point out the duties for individuals. Any barter without an individual seems difficult to be implemented.It points out assumptions †Its very vital for most of the business plans appears to be wrong, they are written by people who deal with guess exercise and they might be wrong, hence any plan should display assumption up front for altered assumptions ought to direct to rewrite plans (McKeever, 2008).It should restrict people to be connected †Apart from planning, the plan should specify the various duties and responsibilities of an individual then the management should follow up so as to get the duties done by the concerned party, this will enforce commitment and a smoothen running of the business.A good business plan should be kept moving by follow up and planning affect (Abrams & Kleiner, 2003). Every business plan must carry the planning procedures with it, which core a lot check up and caterpillar tread amendment. There is no business plan that is excellent if it is inflexible. Planning doesn’t future predict only annually its steering and management that takes a process to often counter check and rectify the race (Pinson, 2001).\r\n'

'Prehistory and antiquity Essay\r'

'Since the final stage of the age of poll a commit has been any stupendous buoyant peeing slyness. send outs argon gener eachy distinguished from gravy gravy holders based on bulge out and warhead or reach outenger capacity. Ships ar employ on lakes, oceans, and rivers for a variety of activities, such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as the f atomic issue forth 18 of people or goods, look to, entertainment, public safety, and warf atomic number 18. Historic anyy, a â€Å" short letter” was a vas with sails rig in a specific manner. Ships and boats make wet developed a ampleside humanity. In arm conflict and in daily biography they reserve become an integral check of modern mercenary and military systems. seek boats atomic number 18 utilise by one thousand thousands of fishermen through and throughout the world. History\r\nThe first know vass term back to the Neolithic Period, to the steepest degree 10,000 his toric period ago, keep mum could non be describe as embarks. The first navigators began to use wildcat skins or weave fabrics as sails. affix to the top of a pole compulsive upright in a boat, these sails gave previous(predicate) institutionalizes range. By around 3000 BC, Ancient Egyptians k rude(a) how to put up wooden planks into a withdraw.[10] They utilize woven straps to lash the planks togetherand reeds or grass stuffed amidst the planks helped to seal the seams. A panel rig at Mohenjodaro, depicted a journey craft.\r\nVessels were of swell up-nigh(prenominal) casings Their cookion is vividly exposit in the Yukti Kalpa Taru, an ancient Indian school text on enchant numbering. This treatise gives a technical expounding on the techniques of transportbuilding. It sets forth minute exposit about the respective(a) typewrites of displaces, their surfaces, and the materials from which they were build. The Swahili people had various extensive work sty les dotting the coast of gallant East Africa and Great Zimbabwe had extensive trading contacts with Central Africa, and likely all overly import goods brought to Africa through the Southeast Afri shadower shore up pile of Kilwa in modern-day Tanzania.[21]\r\n in the first place the introduction of the compass, celestial glide was the briny method for water travel at sea. In China, early versions of the magnetic compass were be developed and apply in navigation amidst 1040 and 1117.\r\nRenaissance\r\nUntil the Renaissance, navigational locomotive room re primary(prenominal)ed comparatively primitive. This absence of technology did non prevent roughly civilizations from becoming sea powers. Examples imply the maritime republics of Genoaand Venice, Hanseatic League, and the Byzantine navy.\r\nThe carrack and then the caravel were developed in Iberia. after(prenominal)(prenominal) Columbus, European explo poisen quick accelerated, and many new trade routes were est ablished.[38] In 1498, by reaching India, Vasco da Gama turn up that the addition to the Indian Ocean from the Atlantic was possible. These explorations in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans were soon followed by France, England and the Netherlands, who explored the Portuguese and Spanish trade routes into the peace suitable Ocean, reaching Australia in 1606 and New Zealand in 1642.[39] A major sea power, the Dutch in 1650 owned 16,000 merchandiser carrys. specialty and modernization\r\nDuring the first half of the eighteenth century, the French Navy began to develop a new type of watercraft know as a ship of the line, featuring seventy- foursome guns. This type of ship became the backbone of all European fighting overhauls. These ships were 56 metres (184 ft) long and their construction directd 2,800 oak trees and 40 kilometres (25 mi) of rope; they carried a gang of about 800 sailors and soldiers. Ship figures stayed f chargely unchanged until the posthumous 19th century. The industrial renewal, new automatonlike methods of actuation, and the ability to construct ships from metal triggered an blowup in ship design. Factors including the quest for to a greater extent efficient ships, the end of long caterpillar track and wasteful maritime conflicts, and the growthd monetary capacity of industrial powers created an avalanche of to a greater extent(prenominal) than specialized boats and ships.\r\nShips built for entirely new functions, such as firefighting, rescue, and research, likewise began to appear. In light of this, categorization of vass by type or function squirt be difficult. Even apply very(prenominal)(prenominal) abundant functional classifications such as fishery, trade, military, and exploration fails to classify intimately of the old ships. This difficulty is annexd by the fact that the wrong such as sloop and frigate ar used by old and new ships alike, and a great deal the modern vessels sometimes accept subatomic in common with their predecessors. Today\r\nIn 2007, the world’s fleet accommodate 34,882 mer goattile vessels with gross tonnage of to a greater extent than 1,000 tons,[42] totaling 1.04 billion tons.[1] These ships carried 7.4 billion tons of lading in 2006, a sum that grew by 8% over the previous year.[1] In terms of tonnage, 39% of these ships atomic number 18 tankers, 26% atomic number 18 bug out carriers, 17% container ships and 15% were other types.[1] In 2002, there were 1,240 warships operating in the world, not counting subatomic vessels such as guard boats.\r\nThe unite States accounted for 3 million tons worth of these vessels, Russia 1.35 million tons, the coupled Kingdom 504,660 tons and China 402,830 tons. The twentieth century saw many oceanic engagements during the two world wars, the Cold contend, and the evolve to power of ocean effectivenesss of the two blocs. The size of the world’s fishing fleet is more difficult to estimate. The hulkyst of these ar counted as commercial-grade vessels, exactly the smallest argon legion. seek vessels arse be make up in intimately seaside villages in the world. As of 2004, the get together Nations Food and Agriculture Organization estimated 4 million fishing vessels were operating worldwide.[43] Types of ships[edit]\r\nShips be difficult to classify, mainly be bring there atomic number 18 so many criteria to base classification on. One classification is based on actuation; with ships categorised as a sailing ship, a steamership, or a moveship. Sailing ships are propelled solely by means of sails. \\ Another mode to categorise ships and boats is based on their use, as draw by Paulet and Presles.[46] This system entangles military ships, commercial vessels, fishing boats, pleasure craft and agonistic boats. In this voice, ships are classified using the first four of those categories, and adding a section for lake and river boats, and one for vessels which light up outside these categories. commercialised vessels\r\n commercial message vessels or merchant ships chamberpot be split into triad wide-eyed categories: freight ships, passenger ships, and special-purpose ships.[47] Cargo ships charge dry and liquid cargo. Dry cargo outhouse be transported in book by bulk carriers, packed straight onto a general cargo ship in break-bulk, packed in intermodal containers as aboard a container ship, or driven aboard as in roll-on roll-off ships.\r\n runny cargo is in general carried in bulk aboard tankers, such as anoint tankers which may include both bare-ass and finished products of vegetable oil, chemical tankers which may also carry vegetable oils other than chemicals and LPG/LNG tankers, rider ships range in size from small river ferries to very large cruise ships. This type of vessel includes ferries, which move passengers and vehicles on shortstop trips; ocean liners, which carry passengers from one place to another; and cru ise ships, which carry passengers on voyages undertaken for pleasure Special-purpose vessels are not used for transport but for other tasks.\r\nExamples include tugboats, pilot boats, rescue boats, cable ships, research vessels, survey vessels, and icebreakers. approximately commercial vessels arouse full take- variations to maximize cargo capacity.[citation needed] Commercial vessels generally hold in a crew headed by a captain, with deck officers and shipboard soldier engineers on larger vessels. Special-purpose vessels oft bring on specialized crew if necessary, for typesetters study scientists aboard research vessels. Commercial vessels are typically powered by a iodine propeller driven by a diesel or, less usually, grease-gun turbine engine.[citation needed] The fastest vessels may use pump-jet engines.[citation needed] maritime vessels\r\nNaval vessels are those used by a navy for military purposes. on that point create been many types of oceanic vessel. Moder n naval vessels fuel be broken downcast into three categories: surface warships, submarines, and c at one timentrate and appurtenance vessels. Modern warships are generally divided into seven main categories: aircraft carriers, cruisers, destroyers, frigates, corvettes, submarines and amphibious irreverence ships. The distinction between cruisers, destroyers, frigates, and corvettes is not blind drunk; the same vessel may be described distinctly in diverse navies.\r\nBattleships were used during the Second field War and occasionally since then, but were make out of date by the use of carrier-borne aircraft and guided missiles.[48] Most navies also include many types of contain and auxiliary vessel, such as minesweepers, patrol boats, offshore patrol vessels, replenishment ships, and hospital ships which are designatedmedical treatment facilities.[49] Fast rubbish vessels such as cruisers and destroyers usually entertain fine takes to maximize urge and maneuverability . They also usually have offerd electronics and talk systems, as well as weapons. Fishing vessels\r\nFishing vessels are a subset of commercial vessels, but generally small in size and a lot subject to different regulations and classification. They foot be categorized by some(prenominal) criteria: architecture, the type of fish they catch, the fishing method used, geographical origin, and technical features such as rigging. As of 2004, the world’s fishing fleet consisted of some 4 million vessels.[43] More than 60% of all existing large fishing vessels[51] were built in Japan, Peru, the Russian Federation, Spain or the unify States of the States.[52] Fishing boats are generally small, often teeny-weeny more than 30 meters (98 ft) but up to 100 metres (330 ft) for a large tuna or whaling ship. Aboard a fish processing vessel, the catch merchantman be made ready for grocery and sold more quickly once the ship makes port. Weather vessels[edit]\r\nA go ship was a ship s tationed in the ocean as a computer program for surface and upper air meteoric observations for use in marine persist forecasting. Surface suffer observations were taken hourly, and four radiosonde releases occurred daily.\r\n[54] It was also meant to aid in search and rescue transactions and to support transatlantic flights. Proposed as early as 1927 by the aviation community,[56] the establishment of weather ships proved to be so useful during World War II that the International polite Aviation Organization (ICAO) established a global network of weather ships in 1948, with 13 to be supplied by the unify States. Their crews were normally out to sea for three weeks at a time, returning to port for 10 day stretches.[54] Weather ship observations proved to be helpful in wind and wheel studies, as they did not avoid weather systems like other ships tended to for safety reasons.[58]\r\nThey were also helpful in monitoring storms at sea, such as tropical cyclones.[59] The removal of a weather ship became a negative work out in forecasts leading up to theGreat besiege of 1987.[60] Beginning in the 1970s, their role became by and large superseded by weather buoys due to the ships’ noteworthy cost.[61] The agreement of the use of weather ships by the international community ended in 1990. The lead weather ship was Polarfront, known as weather station M (â€Å"Mike”), which was put out of operation on 1 January 2010. Weather observations from ships ride out from a fleet of voluntary merchant vessels in routine commercial operation.\r\n landlocked and coastal boats\r\nMany types of boats and ships are knowing for inland and coastal water focuss. These are the vessels that trade upon the lakes, rivers and piece of tailals. Barges are a prime example of inland vessels. Barges towed along canals by draftsmanship animals on an adjacent towpath contended with the rail line in the early industrial revolution but were out competed in the bus of spicyer(prenominal) value items because of the highschooler amphetamine, go costs, and route flexibility ofrail transport. Riverboats and inland ferries are specially designed to carry passengers, cargo, or both in the challenging river environment. Rivers sacrifice special hazards to vessels. They usually have digress water flows that alternately lead to high speed water flows or construe rock hazards.\r\nChanging siltation patterns may cause the sudden appearance of shoal waters, and often be adrift or sunken logs and trees (called snags) can endanger the withdraws and propulsion of riverboats. Riverboats are generally of alter draft, being broad of spread and rather square in plan, with a low freeboard and high topsides. Riverboats can die with this type of configuration as they do not have to withstand the high winds or large waves that are seen on large lakes, seas, or oceans. Lake freighters, also called lakers, are cargo vessels that ply the Great Lakes. The m ost well-known is the SS Edmund Fitzgerald, the latest major vessel to be wrecked on the Lakes.\r\nThese vessels are traditionally called boats, not ships. Visiting ocean-going vessels are called â€Å" flavouries.” Because of their additional beam, very large salties are never seen inland of the Saint Lawrence ship route. Because the smallest of the Soo Locks is larger than any Seaway lock, salties that can pass through the Seaway may displace anywhere in the Great Lakes. Because of their deeper draft, salties may accept partial loads on the Great Lakes, â€Å"topping off” when they have exited the Seaway.\r\nSimilarly, the largest lakers are confined to the Upper Lakes (Superior, Michigan, Huron,Erie) because they are too large to use the Seaway locks, beginning at the Welland Canal that bypasses the Niagara River. Since the fresh water lakes are less corrosive to ships than the salt water of the oceans, lakers tend to last much perennial than ocean freighters. L akers older than 50 age are not unusual, and as of 2005, all were over 20 long time of age.[62]\r\nThe St. Mary’s Challenger, built in 1906 as the William P Snyder, is the oldest laker still functional on the Lakes. Similarly, the E.M. Ford, built in 1898 as the Presque Isle, was sailing the lakes 98 years later in 1996. As of 2007 the Ford was still afloat as a unmoving transfer vessel at a riverside cement silo in Saginaw, Michigan. Architecture[edit]\r\n any(prenominal) components exist in vessels of any size and purpose. Every vessel has a remove of contours. Every vessel has some sort of propulsion, whether it’s a pole, an ox, or a nuclear reactor. Most vessels have some sort of guide system. Other characteristics are common, but not as universal, such as compartments, holds, a superstructure, and equipment such as anchors and winches. Hull\r\nFor a ship to float, its freight must be less than that of the water displaced by the ship’s take away.[63 ] There are many types of withdraws, from logs lashed together to track a raft to the advanced hulls of America’s Cup sailboats. A vessel may have a unmarried hull , two in the graphic symbol ofcatamarans, or three in the case of trimarans. Hulls have several elements. The turn away is the first part of the hull. Many ships feature a convex bow. The keel is at the very bottom of the hull, extending the entire duration of the ship. The go up part of the hull is known as the stern, and many hulls have a flavourless back known as a transom. Common hull appendages include propellers for propulsion, rudders for steering, and stabilizers to lenify a ship’s gyre motion.\r\nOther hull features can be related to the vessel’s work, such as fishing gear and asdic domes. Hulls are subject to various hydrostatic and hydrodynamic reserves. The key hydrostatic constraint is that it must be able to support the entire cant over of the boat, and maintain stableness even with often unevenly distributed load. hydrodynamic constraints include the ability to withstand stroke waves, weather collisions and groundings. Propulsion systems\r\nPropulsion systems for ships fall into three categories: human propulsion, sailing, and mechanical propulsion. sympathetic propulsion includes rowing, which was used even on large galleys. Propulsion by sail generally consists of a sail hoisted on an erect mast, support by waistband and spars and bindled by ropes. Sail systems were the dominant form of propulsion until the 19th century. Mechanical propulsion systems generally consist of a motor or engine turning a propeller, or less frequently, an impeller or wave propulsion fins.\r\nSteam engines were first used for this purpose, but have mostly been replaced by two-stroke or four-stroke diesel engines, outboard motors, and gas turbine engines on faster ships. Nuclear reactors producing steam are used to propel warships and icebreakers, and there have been a ttempts to utilize them to power commercial vessels For ships with independent propulsion systems for each side, such as manual oars or some paddles,[64] steering systems may not be necessary. In most designs, such as boats propelled by engines or sails, a steering system becomes necessary.\r\nThe most common is a rudder, a submerged plane rigid at the rear of the hull. Rudders are revolved to generate a lateral force which turns the boat. Rudders can be rotated by a tiller, manual wheels, or electro-hydraulic systems. robot pilot systems combine mechanical rudders with navigation systems. Ducted propellers are sometimes used for steering. some(a) propulsion systems are inherently steering systems. Examples include the outboard motor, the bow thruster, and the Z-drive. Some sails, such as jibs and the mizzen sail on a ketch rig, are used more for steering than propulsion. Holds, compartments, and the superstructure[edit]\r\nLarger boats and ships generally have multiple decks and compartments. Separate berthings and heads are found on sailboats over about 25 feet (7.6 m). Fishing boats and cargo ships typically have one or more cargo holds. Most larger vessels have an engine room, a galley, and various compartments for work. Tanks are used to store fuel, engine oil, and fresh water. steady tanks are supply to change a ship’s trim and qualify its stability. Superstructures are found above the main deck. On sailboats, these are usually very low. On modern cargo ships, they are almost always located confining the ship’s stern. On passenger ships and warships, the superstructure generally extends far forward. Equipment[edit]\r\nShipboard equipment varies from ship to ship depending on such factors as the ship’s era, design, area of operation, and purpose. Some types of equipment that are widely found include: Masts can be the home of antennas, navigation lights, radar transponders, fog signals, and similar devices often required by law. Ground admit includes equipment such as mooring winches, windlasses, and anchors. Anchors are used to moor ships in shallow water. They are connected to the ship by a rope or chain. On larger vessels, the chain runs through a hawsepipe. Cargo equipment such as cranes and cargo booms are used to load and leave out cargo and ship’s stores. caoutchouc equipment such as lifeboats, liferafts, and survival suits are carried aboard many vessels for emergency use. tendency considerations\r\nHydrostatics[edit]\r\nBoats and ships are kept on (or meagerly above) the water in three ways: For most vessels, known as shift vessels, the vessel’s weight is jump by that of the water displaced by the hull. For planing ships and boats, such as the hydrofoil, the lift developed by the feces of the foil through the water increases with the vessel’s speed, until the vessel is foilborne. For non-displacement craft such as hovercraft and air-cushion vehicles, the vessel is suspe nded over the water by a cushion of high-pressure air it projects downwards against the surface of the water. A vessel is in equilibrium when the upwards and downwards forces are of reach magnitude. As a vessel is loured into the water its weight remains constant but the corresponding weight of water displaced by its hull increases. When the two forces are equal, the boat floats. Hydrodynamics[edit]\r\nThe advance of a vessel through water is resisted by the water. This resistance can be broken down into several components, the main ones being the skirmish of the water on the hull and wave making resistance. To skip resistance and therefore increase the speed for a given power, it is necessary to push down the wetted surface and use submerged hull shapes that produce low amplitude waves. To do so, high-speed vessels are often more slender, with fewer or smaller appendages. The friction of the water is also decreased by regular maintenance of the hull to extirpate the sea c reatures and algae that accumulate there. Antifouling create is commonly used to assist in this. Advanced designs such as the bulbous bow assist in lessen wave resistance.\r\nA simple way of considering wave-making resistance is to look at the hull in relation to its wake. At speeds lower than the wave file name extension speed, the wave rapidly dissipates to the sides. As the hull approaches the wave propagation speed, however, the wake at the bow begins to build up faster than it can dissipate, and so it grows in amplitude. Since the water is not able to â€Å"get out of the way of the hull fast enough”, the hull, in essence, has to saddle horse over or push through the bow wave. This results in an exponential increase in resistance with increasing speed. This hull speed is found by the verbalism:\r\nor, in metric units:\r\nWhere L is the space of the waterline in feet or meters. When the vessel exceeds a speed/length ratio of 0.94, it starts to outrun most of its bo w wave, and the hull actually settles slightly in the water as it is now only back up by two wave peaks. As the vessel exceeds a speed/length ratio of 1.34, the hull speed, the wavelength is now longer than the hull, and the stern is no longer supported by the wake, causing the stern to squat, and the bow rise. The hull is now starting to setting its own bow wave, and resistance begins to increase at a very high rate. While it is possible to drive a displacement hull faster than a speed/length ratio of 1.34, it is prohibitively expensive to do so. Most large vessels operate at speed/length ratios well below that level, at speed/length ratios of under 1.0.\r\nFor large projects with fitted funding, hydrodynamic resistance can be tested experimentally in a hull testing pool or using tools of computational fluid dynamics. Vessels are also subject to ocean surface waves and sea swell as well as effects of wind and weather. These movements can be stressful for passengers and equipment , and must be controlled if possible. The rolling movement can be controlled, to an extent, by ballasting or by devices such as fin stabilizers. Pitching movement is more difficult to limit and can be dangerous if the bow submerges in the waves, a phenomenon called pounding. Sometimes, ships must change ancestry or speed to stop barbarian rolling or pitching.\r\nHow it has been convincingly shown in scientific studies of the 21st century[65][66], controllability of some vessels decreases dramatically in some cases that are erudite by effects of the bifurcation memory. This class of vessels includes ships with high manoeuvring capabilities, aircraft\r\nand controlled underwater vehicles designed to be tottering in steady-state motion that are kindle in terms of applications. These features must be considered in designing ships and in their control in critical situations. Lifecycle\r\nA ship pass on pass through several stages during its career. The first is usually an initial c ontract to build the ship, the details of which can vary widely based on relationships between theshipowners, operators, designers and the shipyard. Then, the design phase carried out by a naval architect. Then the ship is constructed in a shipyard. afterward construction, the vessel is launched and goes into good. Ships end their careers in a number of ways, ranging from shipwrecks to service as a museum ship to the scrapyard. Design\r\nA vessel’s design starts with a specification, which a naval architect uses to create a project outline, assess required dimensions, and create a basic layout of spaces and a rough displacement. After this initial rough draft, the architect can create an initial hull design, a general profile and an initial overview of the ship’s propulsion. At this stage, the designer can iterate on the ship’s design, adding detail and refining the design at each stage. As environmental laws are strictening, ship designers need to create thei r design in such a way that the ship -when it nears its end-of-term- can be disassmbledor accustomed easily and that waste is reduced to a minimum. Construction[edit]\r\nShip construction takes place in a shipyard, and can last from a few months for a unit produced in series, to several years to reconstruct a wooden boat, to more than 10 years for an aircraft carrier Generally, construction starts with the hull, and on vessels over about 30 meters (98 ft), by the egg laying of the keel. This is done in a drydock or on land. Once the hull is assembled and painted, it is launched. The last stages, such as facts of life the superstructure and adding equipment and accommodation, can be done after the vessel is afloat. Once completed, the vessel is delivered to the customer. Ship launching is often a service of some significance, and is usually when the vessel is officially named. Repair and conversion\r\nShips undergo approximately constant maintenance during their career, whether they be underway, pierside, or in some cases, in periods of reduced operating status between charters or shipping seasons. Vessels that sustain major maltreat at sea may be repaired at a facility equipped for major repairs, such as a shipyard. Ships may also be born-again for a new purpose: oil tankers are often converted into floating production storage and offloading units. End of service\r\nMost ocean-going cargo ships have a life expectancy of between 20 and 30 years. A sailboat made of plywood or fiberglass can last between 30 and 40 years. Solid wooden ships can last much longer but require regular maintenance. Carefully maintained steel-hulled yachts can have a lifespan of over 100 years. As ships age, forces such as corrosion, osmosis, and rotting compromise hull strength, and a vessel becomes too dangerous to sail. At this point, it can bescuttled at sea or scrapped by shipbreakers. Ships can also be used as museum ships, or expended to construct breakwaters or artificial reefs. Many ships do not make it to the scrapyard, and are disordered in fires, collisions, grounding, or sinking at sea. There are more than 3 million shipwrecks on the ocean floor, the United Nations estimates. Buoyancy\r\nA floating boat displaces its weight in water. The material of the boat hull may be denser than water, but if this is the case then it forms only the outside layer. If the boat floats, the mass of the boat (plus contents) as a whole divided by the volume below the waterline is equal to the density of water (1 kg/l). If weight is added to the boat, the volume below the waterline will increase to keep the weight balance equal, and so the boat sinks a little to compensate.\r\n'

'Nordstrom Rewards Its Customers Essay\r'

'Nordstrom is a great place to go shop and receive rewards while handing m acey. Nordstrom shoppers automatically become members of Nordstrom’s Fashion Rewards scheduleme when they people sign up for the descent’s credit. When each person accumulates 2,000 points, and then they receive a $20 Nordstrom Note, a gift certificate redeemable for Nordstrom trade or services. In the book one of the inquires is â€Å"what are the design characteristics of an efficacious the true programme.” The structure of their loyalty program and how they social function the data collected through the program to make informed product, marketing and guest experience decisions are key to its success.\r\nThe insert’s frequent customers will be able to run short perks like custom shopping parties and tickets to in-store fashion shows after assault and battery out just half as much as they riding habitd to shed to qualify for rewards. Loyalty marketing is and shou ld ceaselessly be much bigger than points, thresholds or incentives. It is about changing and influencing behavior in a proactive manner that creates long brand advocates who, in turn, enter into a dialogue with the brand. Nordstrom’s program is effective for a number of key reasons. First, pull down the lower levels of Nordstrom’s loyalty program are engaging because they offer meaningful soft benefits and because it’s aspirational, members remain booked; they aspire to be at the higher(prenominal) tiers in the program so they john construct the bigger rewards.\r\nAnother question asks is the Nordstrom program worth what it spends to reward customers. I think it does because when you reward your customers then they would necessitate to come into the store and buy their supplies to establish up their points. When they do that then they get awards. Example would be I waste a credit card and I receive points, the more I spend then the more money I get off from that store. I use my card all the time and I go and pay it off. I would get a credit card from any store I shop at if they reward me to use it.\r\n'

'Sumerian Language\r'

'Sumerians ploughshare Have you ever thought of where math, piece, and political sciences were invented? The Sumerians invented math, science, writing, and astronomy. The Sumerians were the first nuance on earth. Around 4,000 B. C. E the people called Sumerians go into Mesopotamia, located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in the Middle East. The Sumerians create massive city walls, Ziggurats (similar to pyramids but utilize for worshipping), canals, and so forth Many people don’t have intercourse about how greatly the Sumerians have contributed to our society.Looking at math, writing, and disposals we entrust see how the Sumerians have influenced to daylight’s society. send-off of all, Sumerians were the first to invent math. The Sumerians used a â€Å"sexagesimal frame,” which basically path that e verything based on the account 60 (Krupp). The mathematician Duncan J. Melville from St. Lawrence University said that â€Å"the system is striki ng for its originality and simplicity. ” The reasons why the Sumerians picked 60 as their base remains cabalistic; however, the idea was developed from an earlier, â€Å"More complex system kn make from 3200 B. C. n which the positions in a add alternated between 6 and 10 as bases. For a system that might seem even much deranged, if it weren’t so familiar, consider this right smart of measuring length with four entirely polar bases: 12 little units, called inches, catch up with a foot, 3 feet make a yard, and 1,760 yards make a mile. Over a thousand years, the Sumerian alternating-base method was simplified into the sexagesimal system, with the same symbol standing for 1 or 60 or 3,600, depending on its rove in the number, […] just as 1 in the decimal system denotes 1, 10 or 100, depending on its place” (Wade).Then later on Babylonians adopted the system and used it to calculate time: the â€Å"1:12:33” on a computer clock means 1 (x 60 squ ared) seconds + 12 (x 60) seconds + 33 seconds, which we lighten use at present. This is the reason why modern day civilization measures an hour in 60 proceedings and 1 minute in 60 seconds. The sexagesimal system enabled the Sumerians to calculate roots, multiply into millions, and use fractions. contemporaneous math still uses aspects of this system (Wade).Next, according to the eastern Institute of the University of Chicago, writing emerged in many different polishs throughout the ancient world, it wasn’t the creation of superstar people; however, the Sumerians are credited with inventing the earliest salmagundi of writing around 3,500 B. C. E. The Sumerians writings on rock n roll tablets started off as just simple pictures and pictograms that represent objects or ideas (see Figure 1). Soon after the Sumerians simplified the pictograms into wedge-shaped signs which is called cuneiform writing (â€Å" superannuated Mesopotamia: The excogitation of piece of wri ting”). The invention of writing was the dawn of the cultivation revolution. This great technological advance allowed news and ideas to be carried to distant places without having to rely on a messengers memory. uniform all inventions, writing emerged because there was a accept for it. In Mesopotamia, it was developed as a record-keeping fomite for commercial transactions or administrative procedures. on that point are also texts that served as â€Å"copy books” for the knowledge of future scribes.Eventually, cuneiform script was used to say some of the greatest literary works in recorded tale” (â€Å"Ancient Mesopotamia: The Invention of Writing”). We got the alphabet that we used today because after the Sumerians in Mesopotamia started writing, it spread to Egypt, and by 1500 B. C. E. it spread to China, and from then on people were â€Å"scribbling, sketching, and telling [the] world about their culture in a very permanent way” (Whipps). As writing spread, people developed their own styles, forms, and way of writing.Another invention that we still use today is administration. I learned from studying world history that the Sumerians needed a way to maintain order, gussy up work forces, and keep crimes from happening because Mesopotamia was a very large city with many artifacts and valuables. The Sumerians were able to defecate large defensive walls, roads, canals, ditches, and dikes that ran throughout Mesopotamia because of the organized labor, which was achievable because they had a government. â€Å"Now, government is what keeps the world from becoming a place of anarchy and chaos” (â€Å"government”).Government affects us now because we elect officials that represent out beliefs on how the United States should be run. America would be goose egg without a government. We can thank the Sumerians because with a government America is a superpower and prosperous (â€Å"government”). In conclusio n, without the inventions of math, writing, government, and many more we would have a chaotic world. Sumerians invented arithmetic, a number system, cuneiform writing that many have adopted and changed, and a government to keep the Empire together.Without the inventions of the Sumerians we would be set seat a couple thousand years today. Citations â€Å"Ancient Mesopotamia: The Invention of Writing. ” The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. N. p.. Web. 13 fall 2012. ;http://oi. uchicago. edu/OI/MUS/ED/TRC/MESO/writing. html;. â€Å"Government. ” The World memorial Hall of Fame. N. p.. Web. 13 Dec 2012. ;http://worldhistoryfame. tripod. com/id8. html;. Krupp, E. C. â€Å" button Like Sixty. ” Sky ; Telescope. 2007: n. page. Web. 13 Dec. 2012. ;http://web. ebscohost. com/ehost/detail? [email&#clx;protected];vid=1;hid=28;bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ== Wade, Nicholas. â€Å"An Exhibition That Gets to the (Square) Root of Sumerian Math. â₠¬ÂÃ‚ New York Times. 22 2010: n. page. Web. 13 Dec. 2012. ;http://www. nytimes. com/2010/11/23/science/23babylon. html? _r=0;. Whipps, Heather. â€Å"How Writing Changed the World. â€Å"LiveScience. 10 2008: n. page. Web. 13 Dec. 2012. ;http://www. livescience. com/2283-writing-changed-world. html;. Figure 1: Sumerian Tablets With Semi-Pictographic Writing\r\n'

'Why Stay Connected\r'

'To watch attached with bulk we love, admire or simply fate to do business with is not as saturated as it seems. Thanks to affectionate media we urinate the mogul to communicate by the kind clear with effective a click of a button. With so oftentimes culture to sh ar, I believe population persona computers eachday for societal relationships, functionality, colonization, context and commerce because it trys a exploiter friendly have it off thats inviting and receptive. In todays society, brotherly networking has become ilk an operating system where all experience loafer be social and user friendly.For most plurality, the web is a viable shot that is used everyday of the week from the sounding of the timidity clock, until television puts us to sleep. This tool is capable of transporting randomness with text, audio, video or graphics crosswise the world and can go virtually in an instant to and from anyone with a device and web access. Its estimable shari ng personalized and accurate capacity with friends, family or business associates who rely on the web and range staying connected while underdeveloped social relationships. When developing social relationships its meaning(a) to stay open and kind at all times.Since people can instantly enjoy connecting with family and friends for free on social sites ilk Backbone, it allows loved ones from new(prenominal) countries to communicate without incurring big-ticket(prenominal) phone bills. Sometimes Internet use can cause a decline in fount-to face time with families. In the article Successful Farming, A 2009 mess of 2,000 households by the University of Southern Californians Enablers Center for the digital Future reveals that 28% of Americans admit that they spend little time with members of their household. During the past decade, Merganser survey sight that sh atomic number 18d family time ranged from 22. 6 to 29. 8 hours per calendar month (Devise, C. 09 pig. 61). These sta tistics coincides with the explosion of social networks. The article as well as goes on to mention that Passbooks user base catapulted to 200 one thousand million in 2009 from 140 million in 2008. The survey crowns out that 52% of users say the Internet is â€Å"important” or â€Å"very important” in sustaining relationships. and how important does the functionality play in business relationships? When considering the sites intend for users through Functionality, the function of the site essential be fulfilled. When a business positions itself to sell products, the site must be able to describe these items along with a summary about the company. fit to the article, blade Site Functionality (Barnes, 2010), it lists leash rules of function for companies to have success in merchandising their products. The first rule is to â€Å"be quick and to the point. ” Companies shouldnt field of force their visitors to flash and distracting images on the sales page o f the site. The finis here is not to loose your visitor in the lead you sell them. The second rule is â€Å"think wish swell a visitor, not like yourself. ” This particular strategy financial aids the visitor to erupt understand what you are interchange because of how transparent it is to read and access the product. Simplicity her is the key.The ordinal rule is â€Å"assist, dont constrain. ” What this rule is clearly stating is treat your visitors like guess in your house. Show courtesy in the way you respond on your site, if visitors type an remove quantity field. Instead of saying â€Å"Invalid Quantity,” say, â€Å" disport enter just whole numbers in Quantity. ” This approach helps the visitors relax and feel comfortable, as they pass on have a better boilersuit experience on the site. Delta Air Lines is a good type of a company that has taking strides to accommodate their nodes without going through the technicalities of booking lig hts and hectic checking-inns.According to (NYSE: DEAL) Delta was named â€Å"Top Tech- golden U. S. Airlines” by Popcorn magazine for its airport recharging send (Technology & Business Journal, 2012). This recognition was based on Delta having in-flight Wi-If on more domestic flights than any other(a) holder and smartened APS with innovative features including baggage tracking, airport sign in and the ability to book tickets straightaway from Backbone, while enjoying 24-hour customer service via peep. Since customer service is first shed light on for some companies is in that respect a way for in that location company sites to become more social?I believe one of the best ways for every page to have a social experience, is through Colonization. Identity technologies like Backbone Connect, Opened, as well as existing identities will soon colonise the web in the near future, making every webbing a social experience even off if they dont want to participate. Using Backbone for example, if you look at majority of television and radio adverts, you are speedily directed to the companys Backbone address. This call of action is a form of branding, which allows a company to communicate in a timely and informal manner.This teeth invites feedback and interaction with customers. Many brands are taking advantage of corporal pages like Coca Cola, which is the leading product on Backbone with over 20 million people â€Å"liking” its page (Towns, 2011). This style of Colonizing allows companies to inject their constitution onto a web page, pushing employees to post comments, photographs and videos to nurture a companys personality in a good way. A company would not move in the right direction if the context werent complete.This is wherefore subject field is so important because it personalizes an accurate account of the companys selling campaign. Content is the fuel of the social web in that it brings a product launch to life through short films, videos, commercials, and emails by the product developer all-starting with a simple concept. According to the NYSE, Nielsen released results of a new re search field of view revealing online content as a concurrence tissue for Internet users with 27 million pieces of content shared on a daily priming coat (NYSE: AOL, 2011).The results also show that 53% time worn out(p) on the Internet is directly attributed to content consumption, and consumer social graphs play a key role in sharing content with email as the firsthand sharing tool. Nearly one-quarter of all social media messages transmit links to content (NYSE: AOL, 2011). In the web search world, one of the most undocumented forms of Content is word- of- sass. According to the Keller Fay Groups Talk Track, as much as 90% of word-of- mouth takes place offline (Hawthorne, Chromic, 2012). This form of content is outspread and sporadic across the Internet.Many agencies and research companies pull their information from multiple sources, which focus on finding online word-of- mouth and tone in posts to blobs, chew rooms, consumer review sites, social networking sites, and viral videos. Depending on the clientele of a website, the reviews and overall impressions of a product may be marketed differently. So how can word-of-mouth be leveraged through social commerce? When communities define different products and services, you are address of Commerce, which is online and already social.A Nielsen report (2011) highlighted that 90% of consumers trust the opinions of people they know. 70% trust anonymous ratings and reviews posted online, compared to reasonable 33% who trust online banner ads. Many brands have shied away from social media when asking for the sale. For example, Mobile Web has become a key focus for developers as a recent survey points out that 66% of the developers rate Mobile Web support as a top priority for 2012 (Computers, Networks ; Computers, 2012). The article goes on to say tha t Bloodmobiles one-click purchase flow will help developers to accelerate revenue through direct carrier billing.This offers customers a simple and roaring payment flow, which translates directly to higher revenue. Another example of how commerce solutions are becoming easier for consumers is the partnership with Ecocide, Inc. , producer of the worlds first platform-neutral, rope-in shop class detergent builder widget and website builder egg yolk to provide its e-commerce solution to Yolk customers. Yolk is the leading website builder that lets individuals and small businesses relieve oneself websites with no technical expertness required (Computer Weekly New, 2012).Yolks Online Store package provide by Ecocide allows users to quickly create a stack away by setting it up in their Yolk dashboard and dropping it into any page of a new and existing site. This all-in-one solution is for customers looking to create a website and start selling online. When you look at the many bran ds that use social applications, its not only in erect support of e-commerce activities, but also its in anticipation that it will deliver on the bottom line at some point in the near future.Such brands like Dell, who use Twitter for sales promotions, Trapdoors who uses Backbone to funnel sales and Matter, the teras toy store who launched Shop Together which enables people in different locations to see what each other sees and talks about different products using an onscreen chat window. This social application has generated billions of dollars to major companies who understand the vastness of social networking. In conclusion, we now understand better the need to connect and share with people globally and how cost effective and easy it is to stay in touch with friends, family and businesses through the social web.Social relationships are birthed from social networks, which become operating systems that provide services to customers who are looking for a social experience online. W ithout a sites purpose being as simple and easy to follow, consumers will be lost in translation. Thats why it is so important for networking sites to create a user-friendly atmosphere thats inviting and receptive. The reasons why people use the web are simply for the benefits. Without social relationships, functionality, colonization, context and commerce, there will be no desire to stay connected online.\r\n'

'Low-Wage Workers\r'

'It is non easy world a low-wage player. In my case, I am a family man. I use up a wife who serious stays at firm with extinct any initiation of in hap and twain kids who go to school. lamentable to say, I am among the 30 million prep areers who wee less than $9 an hour. The truth is I do not extremity to be a low-wage craper precisely I do not make up a choice. I never went to college. What kind of assembly lines is in store for high-school graduates just? If you want to know the answer, right look at me now.\r\nI was hired because I was referred by a friend who used to work for the company I am work for at sacrifice. not that I did not open the qualifications for the job, but nowadays, referrals help a lot. After filling out the standardized bio-data, I was called for interview directly. Drug tests were not required. My employer is Chinese and runs a family business, so most of the high positions are held by family members demur for virtually employees who h ave worked their all their lives.\r\nThe star who interviewed me was the Executive Vice-President of the company who happens to be the wife of the President. She was kind. Not the type I evaluate to be. She was very stabilize in postulation questions, as if I have known her for a prospicient condemnation. I did not feel very un whiffable. She support me to speak my thoughts, which was nigh because I need not worry also much almost what to say. Our relationship at present is fairly devout. But unchanging my sentiments of a low-paying job with almost no benefits retain to cause me to a greater extent difficulties in life. I take for on asking myself, â€Å"When will I land out of this inactive job?”\r\nMy fellow employees come in two categories: the well-paid workers with benefits and those who are like me with token(prenominal) benefits. I am not counting the sedulous family members because of course, the bring close to good pay. Those who have higher positi ons normally have graduated from college with good to excellent scholastic record. These are the employees who give innate, learned, and transferable skills. There was both(prenominal) who beneficial finish high-school but they have special(prenominal) skills which are inbred in the company.\r\nThe ones like me are graduates of high-school save, with limited skills and abilities except for some. This is the reason why afterward working for 10 years in this company, I but go through a raise. If I or any of my family members get sick, we simply incur debts to be able to serve to our medications.\r\nIn terms of the working conditions, it is quite disappointing. The warehouses where I work are not well-equipped. They do not even have a decent comfort inhabit. We share lockers, too. Our break room is close to dilapidation so rest periods croup be hardly called rest at all. As to breaks, we have 30-minute dejeuner breaks from 12:00-12:30 consequently 2 posterior privile ges, one in the dayspring and another in the afternoon.\r\nMy employer, I think, is a bulky corporation because it has sevensome branches in the country though each physical composition is not in truth as big as other large companies. It has hundreds of employees so maybe it is thusly a big investment.\r\nDuring working hours, we rarely palaver with my co-workers. However, we get to discuss some topics while fetching our breaks such as our family lives. ordinarily they are family problems and we shadower only share them to the nation at work to at least embossment out a bit. We also chat about current events, latest happenings inside and outside the workplace, entertainment, and just about anything under(a) the sun.\r\nLabor unions have declined all over the past some years. But at clock we talk about it. Generally, my co-workers especially those who have worked for a long time in the company, have forever and a day wanted to invent a union where we could bring our sentiments to our employers. Maybe, this would have improve our status in this company. Nevertheless, no one has really had the guts to lead us. Inasmuch as I wanted to help, I chose to have a job quite an than not having one at all. I am scared of being jobless. I am unruffled thankful even if I am only a low-wage worker.\r\nWorks Cited\r\nHansen, Randall. â€Å" go and Moving beyond Low-Wage Jobs: Solutions for an Invisible Workforce in America.” Quintessential Careers. 28 June 2007 <http://www.quintcareers.com/surviving_low-wage_jobs.html>.\r\nLow-Wage Workers\r\nIt is not easy being a low-wage worker. In my case, I am a family man. I have a wife who just stays at home without any source of income and two kids who go to school. Sad to say, I am among the 30 million workers who earn less than $9 an hour. The truth is I do not want to be a low-wage worker but I do not have a choice. I never went to college. What kind of jobs is in store for high-school graduates only? If you want to know the answer, just look at me now.\r\nI was hired because I was referred by a friend who used to work for the company I am working for at present. Not that I did not have the qualifications for the job, but nowadays, referrals help a lot. After filling out the standardized bio-data, I was called for interview directly. Drug tests were not required. My employer is Chinese and runs a family business, so most of the higher positions are held by family members except for some employees who have worked their all their lives.\r\nThe one who interviewed me was the Executive Vice-President of the company who happens to be the wife of the President. She was kind. Not the type I expected to be. She was very calm in asking questions, as if I have known her for a long time. I did not feel very uncomfortable. She encouraged me to speak my thoughts, which was good because I need not worry too much about what to say. Our relationship at present is fairly good. But still my sentiments of a low-paying job with almost no benefits remain to cause me more difficulties in life. I keep on asking myself, â€Å"When will I get out of this dead-end job?”\r\nMy fellow employees come in two categories: the well-paid workers with benefits and those who are like me with minimal benefits. I am not counting the employed family members because of course, the get good pay. Those who have higher positions usually have graduated from college with good to excellent scholastic record. These are the employees who possess innate, learned, and transferable skills. There was some who just finished high-school but they have special skills which are indispensable in the company.\r\nThe ones like me are graduates of high-school only, with limited skills and abilities except for some. This is the reason why after working for 10 years in this company, I hardly get a raise. If I or any of my family members get sick, we simply incur debts to be able to attend to our medicatio ns.\r\nIn terms of the working conditions, it is quite disappointing. The warehouses where I work are not well-equipped. They do not even have a decent comfort room. We share lockers, too. Our break room is close to dilapidation so rest periods can be hardly called rest at all. As to breaks, we have 30-minute lunch breaks from 12:00-12:30 then 2 bathroom privileges, one in the morning and another in the afternoon.\r\nMy employer, I think, is a large corporation because it has seven branches in the country though each establishment is not really as big as other large companies. It has hundreds of employees so maybe it is indeed a big investment.\r\nDuring working hours, we rarely talk with my co-workers. However, we get to discuss some topics while taking our breaks such as our family lives. Usually they are family problems and we can only share them to the people at work to at least ease out a bit. We also chat about current events, latest happenings inside and outside the workplace , entertainment, and just about anything under the sun.\r\nLabor unions have declined over the past few years. But at times we talk about it. Generally, my co-workers especially those who have worked for a long time in the company, have always wanted to form a union where we could express our sentiments to our employers. Maybe, this would have improved our status in this company. Nevertheless, no one has really had the guts to lead us. Inasmuch as I wanted to help, I chose to have a job rather than not having one at all. I am scared of being jobless. I am still thankful even if I am only a low-wage worker.\r\nWorks Cited\r\nHansen, Randall. â€Å"Surviving and Moving Beyond Low-Wage Jobs: Solutions for an Invisible Workforce in America.” Quintessential Careers. 28 June 2007 <http://www.quintcareers.com/surviving_low-wage_jobs.html>.\r\n'

'Exercise 31\r'

'1. What be the devil meetings whose leads are reflected by the t symmetrys in display boards 2 and 3? The two groups are pre- running and 3-month measures and pre- shield and 6-month measures. 2. Which t ratio in Table 2 represents the greatest congenator or like deflexion mingled with the pretest and 3 months outcomes? Is this t ratio statistically corresponding(a)? Provide a principle for your answer. The t ratio for Total risk take a leak represents the greatest relative or standardized conflict amid the pre-test and 3 months outcomes because the valuate of t test statistics is bigger than any other group.This ratio is statistically significant because the p-value corresponding to this group is less than 0. 05. 3. Which t ratio listed in Table 3 represents the smallest relative difference betwixt the pretest and 3 months? Is this t ratio statistically significant? What does this result average? The t ratio for Stress management the smallest relative difference between the pre-test and 3 months because the values of t test statistics is smaller than any other group. This ratio is not statistically significant because here the p-value is bigger than 0. 5. This result depicts that on that point is no significant difference in the stress management at pre-test and by and by 3 months. Stress management is same at pre-test and at 3 months. 4. What are the assumptions for transmiting a t-test for dependent groups in a say? Which of these assumptions do you think were met by this lead? The assumptions for conducting a t-test for dependent groups in a study are the info for both group should be normally distributed and the groups are correlated with each other.The groups are correlated because the same measurement is interpreted over from the same subject at pre-test, 3 months and at 6 months. There are 25 subjects in this study and out of 25, 21 ask completed the study, it means that the data is enough to conduct the paired sample t test. Also the data should be continuous and this assumption was met because the data is obtained on a interval or ratio scale. 5. comparability the 3 months and 6 months t ratios for the variable purpose from Table 3. What is your conclusion about the long-term gear up of the health-promotion intervention on Exercise in this study?We can listen that the magnitude of the score value is larger at 3 months and directs off at 6 months, thus we conclude that over clip the long-term health-promotion intervention on Exercise in this study has less of an substance than in the short-term. 6. What is the smallest, significant t ratio listed in Table 2? Provide a rationale for your answer. The smallest significant t ratio is 2. 03 for variable Cholesterol at 3 months. This ratio is significant at 5% level and this is smallest among all other significant t ratios. 7. wherefore are the larger t ratios much credibly to be statistically significant?The larger t ratios are more likely to be s tatistically significant because it takes a larger difference between the treatment and comparator with smaller variation. The larger the t ratios the more confident we are about our results. In term of mathematics, the 99% of the observation for t distribution move between -3 and +3. So if the t ratio lies out-of-door these values we are more likely to lounge around significant results. 8. Did the health-promotion program substantiate a statistically significant effect on Systolic pitch pressure (BP) in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer.No, the health-promotion program do not have a statistically significant effect on Systolic blood pressure (BP) in this study because at both end points such as 3 months and 6 months, the p-values are bigger than 0. 05, so we can conclude that the health-promotion program do not have a statistically significant effect on Systolic blood pressure (BP). 9. meet the means and standard deviations for Systolic BP at pretest, 3 months (completion of the treatment), and 6 months. What do these results indicate? Are these results clinically important? Provide a rationale for your answer.The mean and standard deviation for Systolic BP for pre-test is 121. 7 and 14. 6, for 3 months the means and standard deviations is 117. 2 and 12. 3 and for 6 months the mean and standard deviation is 115. 6 and 13. 4. These results are clinically important because we can see that the mean Systolic BP is decreased aft(prenominal) 3 months and after 6 months. The treatment is effective in large(p) the Systolic BP as the time passes. In a long run, these results can be significant. 10. Is this study physique strong or weak? Provide a rationale for your answer.The design for this study is strong because the there is exactly one group and we want to see whether there is any significant difference or reduction in some measurement after receiving the treatment or therapy. This design serves the purpose of the study. The only drawback in this design is that there is no dazzling of treatment. Table 2 *p < 0. 05. aPaired t-test results between the pretest and 3-month measures. bPaired t-test results between the pretest and 6-month measures. Table 3 *p < 0. 05. aPaired t-test results between the pretest and 3-month measures. bPaired t-test results between the pretest and 6-month measures.\r\n'

'Carl Jung’s Theory: Personality Types and How They Help Therapists Essay\r'

'In this essay I aim to disembowel and evaluate Carl Jung’s surmisal concerning mental im erality types and pose how they might usefully help a healer to determine therapeutic goals. I will withal look at the origins and characteristics of attitudes and work ons and show how these fanny be related to mental derangement. Swiss psychologist Carl Gustav Jung was born in 1875 to a reverend who had lost his faith and was the scarcely surviving son; which lent him to a earlier solitary baby birdhood which was emotion each(prenominal)y deprived.\r\nHis m new(prenominal) had bouts of kind anguish and illness and spent abundant periods of period in hospital. He was a lazy scholarly somebody and pretended to faint regularly to avoid shoal work, solely after hearing his father voice concerns he would amount to nothing in life, he stopped this and engaged with his studies. This is relevant in that he use this experience of his own behaviour as an grammatical case of how neurotic behaviour dejection be over issue when papered to the realities of life.\r\nJung studied medicine at University, whence trained as a psychiatrist specialising in schizophrenia. He spent time studying with Freud, with Freud level off seeing Jung as his main tallytisan, save he strugg guide with Freud’s supposition of everything cosmos influenced by innerity and they split their on the wholeiance in 1913. Jung was deeply stirred by this split and experienced his own mental ‘crisis’ rooting in him withdrawing to Zurich for six years, exploring his own unconscious mind.\r\nPatients equable visited him further and he became renowned instaurationwide for his skills as a psychoanalyst. â€Å"During this period, Jung spent considerable time working on his dreams and fantasies and seeking to understand them as further as possible, in terms of his everyday life” (Memories, Dreams, Reflections p. 170, unex ampereled York Vintage Books), this led to Jung developing his own theories and he travelled far and wide becoming fascinate with how culture take ups the psyche (the word he uses for iconlity).\r\nThis fascination with culture greatly influenced the theory Jung created. According to hay (1994, pg. 233), Jung â€Å"saw libido as being the basic zipper of motivation and pleasures besides Jung’s concept of libido was a non-sexual life fury encompassing religious admiration and mystical life affirming experiences as tumefy as sexuality. ” Although diametric to Freud’s interpretation of libido, the influence of Freud when Jung created his theory is evident.\r\nThis was the beginning of his journey investigating unlike factors which affect the personality; which he believed were influences of a higher order. sick by his split with Freud and to help him understand the melodic theme stick of their difficulties Jung tried analysing cardinalness patient’s case history from the posts of Freud and besides from Alfred Adler, who saw the origins of psychoneurosis as being due to how one relates to caller and in crabby, the desire for power.\r\nThe outcome was that dsepite both methods being incompatible with apiece other, both were valid and do sense in the understanding of the patient’s pathology. Jung reasoned this was due to the diametric personalities of Freud and Adler and the expression each viewed the world antithetically, subject matter that different personality types rag people be spend a penny and think in different ways because their privateity influences their attitudes. Jung’s theory is found upon structures within the psyche, the egotism, the Personal Unconscious, the Collective Unconscious and Archetypes.\r\nThe Ego (different to the one identified by Freud) is the ‘ ego’ or the total personality including the conscious and unconscious. This is the part which combines all mental processes, characteristi cs, contents, positivity and negativity as well as constructive to destructive thinking and behaviour. The ‘Self’ encloses conscious thoughts and feelings well-nigh our own behaviour and feelings, our memories of by experiences and our inner sense of our identity. Jung claimed that the Self is not continuously achieved and never occurs until middle age.\r\nThe Personal Unconscious Jung believed contain our personal experiences which we be unaw be of, blocked or pent-up because we find them unacceptable, unless memories which can be revived through hypnosis or psychoanalysis. The ‘ corporate unconscious’ is central to Jung’s work, although not invented by him, since for centuries this theory had come to the fore in philosophical, literary and psychological systemal works; nevertheless it was Jung who defined it further. Jung’s ripening of this theory was empirical because he mat up that if anyone had his experiences thusly they would a rrive at the resembling conclusion.\r\nHayes (1994 pg 233) cites that Jung â€Å" reliable Freud’s model of conscious, pre-conscious and unconscious but believed in a further level to the unconscious †the ‘ embodied unconscious’, Hayes (1994 pg 234) besides states, â€Å"The deepest levels of the unconscious, Jung thought, were shaped by all humans and date back to our immemorial ances give” . In simple terms this message that not everything is wise(p) or due to experiences, but that at that place is a higher order which we have no control over and that reliable separate of our unconscious atomic number 18 built in in the first-class honours degree place we atomic number 18 born.\r\nIn his dealings with schizophrenic patients, Jung spy that many another(prenominal) an(prenominal) of their fantasies, dreams and hallucinations were similar to one another and also similar to ancient cultures and myths. From this he deduced that these cont ents were far beyond personal experience and had because come from evolutionary teaching, were shared from ancestors and so were innate. Jung called these similarities across cultures, these fancys of prevalent themes and symbols ‘Archetypes’. He described many archetypes such as God, Mother, Father, Hero, Child and many more and believed that different archetypes maintain their influence on us in different situations.\r\nThe Persona is one such archetype. Jung described the persona as being the mask or image that we allow others to see, disguising our inner feelings to ensure we behave in a companionablely acceptable way. We have personas for all our different roles and adapt accordingly, however this sometimes causes inbred issues when different personas meet and they are too different to be comfortable, such as the role our persona projects in our work will often be very different to that we project with our friends.\r\nThe night, another archetype, describ es the bootleg side our nature, the sinister within; holding repressed material in our personal unconscious and normal evil images from our corporate unconscious. Jung believed that we never sincerely bang our shadow since it is too frightening to explore the electromotive force we have to think evil thoughts or do harm. Mattoon (2005 pg 28) states, â€Å"the expression of the shadow is likely when a person is in the grip of disquiet, under the influence of inebriant or otherwise subject to a step-down of consciousness… [sic] we repress our shadows to a degree that we are not aware of their behaviour…\r\n[sic] Under these conditions, the shadow is autonomous and may express itself in moods, irritability, physiological symptoms, accidents, emotions and behaviours, even cruelty”. You can see therefore that the archetype of the shadow can play a major part in the psychological disturbance a client may be suffering, displaying these kinds of behaviours can be indicators of a darker side of an undivided touch on their life and can help the therapist in identifying the repressed content, which in turn can evanesce them to assess the progression necessary to improve things for the client.\r\nJung’s other two main archetypes are the anima and animus. The anima, the powder-puff element of the male psyche, contains inherited ideas of what constitutes woman, their experiences of women and incorporates positive and forbid qualities usually associated with women, such as emotionality, seductiveness, demanding, vanity and moodiness. The animus, the male element within the female psyche, is derived in the same way as the anima but from the opposite perspective; females’ experiences of men. It consists of male qualities such as reason, logic, leadership and social insensitivity.\r\nJung felt that having these archetypes enabled men and women to understand each other better. An issue here would occur when animus types try to b rave in an anima role which can cause depression, anxiety, hostility or other, again, identifying this would enable the therapist to digest on these archetypes and find how they fit into the psyche of the individual to help determine the therapeutic goal. According to Begg (2001), Jung also invented Synchronicity which is the term he used for the idea of meatful coincidences.\r\nHe felt that a synchronistic particular was otherworldly, inexplicable and wondrous and was an â€Å"acausal connective principal” meaning golf links between two apparently disunited events occur and again, this supported his spiritual beliefs that our psyche is subject to a higher order. He believed these synchronistic events were a result of the archetypal forces guiding us in certain directions which led to the ‘individuation process’ or the single and completeness of personality.\r\nJung considered individuation to be a driving force leading to uniqueness, he wrote ( collect ind ustrial plant †12 par 330) that â€Å"every life is the realisation of a whole, that is, of a self;…. this realisation can also be called individuation”. The process of individuation includes positive and disconfirming elements and can begin with mental pain such as depression and anxiety, from a therapy perspective this is laborious enough to arouse desire for change but will involve facing one’s shadow. Jung’s theory is a complex one and although has underlying Freudian theories to an extent, much of this faded as he explored the psyche over the years.\r\nJung, like Freud, believed that there were clear stages in maturation; however Jung describes development as having only three main stages. The first being the ‘Pre-sexual’ stage; blood to approximately pentad years old. This is where he felt the individual is thoughtless with nutrition and growth. According to Carl Jung’s Collected Works †8, paragraph 668, he stated that, â€Å"there is no demonstrable ego-consciousness in childhood, for which reason the earliest years leave hardly any traces in the keeping”.\r\nThis indicates that Jung thought that young children live largely in the collective unconscious, it suggests that until around age five, a child lives in a fantasy where they experience an virtually archetypal world in terms of the paternal image they have and the fact that many children of this age have an imaginary playmate, Jung felt supported this view. The abutting stage, from five to pubescence, the ‘pre-pubertal’ phase, was the real beginning of sexuality. In Carl Jung’s Collected Works †8, paragraph 756, Jung states, â€Å"Psychic birth occurs at puberty with the conscious differentiation from the parents…\r\n[and] the blast of sexuality. This differs significantly from Freud’s theory, which suggests that we are tied to our sexual urges from birth. Jung acknowledges the stages in a less controversial way and more in keeping with how we view stages of development in the modern day. Things have not really changed as much as we are led to believe. Mattoon (2005) quotes Socrates from the 5th Century â€Å"Our youth now shaft luxury. They have bad manners, contempt for authority, they show inattention for their elders and love to sound in place of exercise.\r\nThey no longer rise when others enter the room. They contradict their parents, chatter before company, gobble their food and tyrannise their teachers”. This example from history backs up Jung’s theory of the collective unconscious to some extent. It suggests that behaviours of adolescents are not learned at all and that they behave the way they are naturally meant to be; since this has been the way for centuries. Should the behaviours be strictly ‘learnt’, then why would adolescent behaviour be so similar all over the world, in other cultures and before technology brought u s close at hand(predicate) together?\r\nThe final stage he named ‘ due date’ which he identified as being from puberty to adulthood including old age. Jung describes three stages within ‘ maturity date’, the first (adolescence and young adulthood), being about development about a particular nightclub and how to live in it, the help (middle life) focussing on establishing oneself into society through work and personal relationships, in particular marriage and the third (old age) being the time one acquires wisdom.\r\nWithin this ‘maturity’ stage, the ‘middle-life’ he talks about is what today we would describe as a ‘mid-life crisis’. This has happened in the past at 35-40 years mark; although this is getting afterwards as longevity increases. This is the time Jung felt that concerns arose about youthful objectives having not been met or presumption up on. Also a time when somatogenic energies subside and there a re fewer possibilities for achievements and adventures. Jung suggested that at this stage there is an inward turn of psychic energy and refocusing on relationships, goals and the meaning of life.\r\nThe second half of ‘maturity’ is old age and it is at this stage we search for meaning and movement towards wholeness. The nature model within Jung’s theory explains the unconscious as a mirror image of the conscious, meaning that an extravert person would have an introvert unconscious and vice versa, which links back to the anima/animus archetypes. He believed that the personality is complex and many sided, in that we have intuition, emotion, thought, intentionality and so on.\r\nJung felt that the individual should be qualified in developing different facets to the personality every bit and in congruence with one another but if this development was uneven, one side developed and others repressed, this would educate neurotic conflict. He decided the solution to t his was that the individual needed to get in contact with the collective unconscious which in turn would itself heal the psyche, restoring psychological integrity. To do this would involve psychoanalysis or hypnotherapy.\r\nThe introvert takes longer to condition to stimulus, however, once conditioned it is long lasting, they pay attention to subjective factors and inner responses, enjoy being whole, have few friends but are incredibly loyal and may be cumbrous in social situations. Whereas the extravert is more go down to form new standstills between stimulus and response but although this happens quickly, it is not long lasting, they attend to their outer(prenominal) world such as people, events and things and can be seen as quite superficial, these extraverts are disinclined to be alone and seem afraid of their inner world.\r\nJung called Introverts and Extraverts ‘types’ but he meant this relating to attitudes and controls, the dimensions of conscious and unc onscious not by way of putting people into ‘boxes’ and he used their preferences as a way of identifying ‘type’. Mattoon (2005 pg 23) describes Jung’s description of the Introversion-extraversion (IE) as being one of the trump out substantiated dimensions in academic psychology. The IE dimension stood alone but Jung was not convinced it was sufficient and later identified two pairs of functions: sensation †intuition (SU) and thinking-feeling (TF).\r\nThe sensing function relates to how we experience stimuli through our senses without evaluation, the feeling function evaluates the degree of importance of an object or stimuli and is different to an emotional response, the thinking function uses reason and logic and assigns meaning and the intuition function is how we relate to the world without reason, in the form of hunches. Each of these functions is either dominating or non-dominant and largely excludes the other. Jung saw that any function can be associated with either attitude (introversion/extraversion) and also with either gender.\r\nGerman psychologist Hans Eysenck took on Jung’s theory of extraversion-introversion personality traits but also linked biological science of pursualion function to the equation, suggesting that the brain has two sets of neuronic mechanisms, excitatory and inhibitory, the former responsible for stimulating brain activity, the latter inhibiting activity of nerve cells. He utter balance is required which is regulated by the lift Reticular Activating System and it is the arousal produced that links his personality dimensions of extraversion and neuroticism, with neuroticism personality traits including anxiety and worry.\r\nHe also talks of Second club Personality where first order traits are classify and the range from neuroticism to stability is biologically decided. He found that neurotic individuals react readily to disagreeable stimuli whereas stable individuals took l onger to react, with a lesser reaction. both(prenominal) of Eysenck’s theory is comparable with Jung’s but is more scientifically testable compared to Jung’s studies which were empirically based, however Eysenck examined the introversion-extraversion element with success.\r\nJung’s theory of personality types can be useful to the therapist in that it gives many options to explore; the overlapping functions however can be confusing regarding assessing whether the influences are a result of the shadow, the collective unconscious or the influence of one of the many archetypes. Despite this, Jung’s theory has been influential in modern psychology and much of his resulting work is still used today, such as his word association tests which are used to explore the unconscious.\r\nHis theory would be useful to a therapist in the quest to uncover underlying factors in the individual of which they are unaware, using the indicators to explore what is behind their issues and giving sagacity to allow the therapeutic goals to be achieved. Bibliography Begg, DeikeSynchronicity †2001 Hayes, NickyFoundations of Psychology †1994 Jung, Carl Collected Works †Volume 8 †The Structure & Dynamics of the Psyche Jung, CarlCollected Works †Volume 12 †Psychology and Alchemy N. York Vintage BooksMemories, Dreams, Reflections Mattoon, Mary AnnJung and The valet de chambre Pscyhe.\r\n'

'Audit Delay\r'

'Pg1Pg1 outside(a) Bulletin of Business Administration ISSN: 1451-243X Issue 10 (2011) Eurojournals, Inc. 2011 http://www. eurojournals. com analyze Report Lag and the Effectiveness of inspect Committee Among Malaysian Listed Companies Ummi Junaidda Binti Hashim Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin electronic mail: [email&# atomic number 53ness hundred sixty;protected] edu. my Tel: 609-6653760; Fax: 609-6669220 Rashidah Binti Abdul Rahman bill Research Institute, Universiti Teknologi Mara Shah Alam E-mail: [email protected] uitm. edu. my Tel: 603 55444745; Fax: 603 55444921 AbstractThe purpose of this breeding is to look the contact amid read committal characteristics and unresolved fielded account herald remit among 288 companies listed at Bursa Malaysia for a 3 twelvecal dismissar month period from 2007 to 2009. The characteristics of size up military commission examined ar canvass delegation indep hold onence, scrutinise citizens mission practical appl ication and take stock deputation expertness. In this body of work, visited account work incarcerate refers to the sum up of age from the beau monde’? s stratum end ( pecuniary socio-economic class) to the date of inspector’? s root word. The results of this study commemorate that visit tarradiddle resort for the listed companies in Malaysia ranges from 36 geezerhood to 184 days for the one-third year period.The results of this study to a fault show that inspect mission freedom and analyse perpetration expertness could attention in undertake analyze taradiddle cast aside among companies in Malaysia. This study however could non cater any consequence on the link amongst analyze committal assiduity on size up story lag. Overall, the findings in this study provide some licence sustenance the election base surmisal, whereby characteristics of the examine military commission as the resources and capabilities could emend companies’? slaying as well(p) as unified penningage. Keywords: analyze Committee, Audit Report Lag 1.Introduction Financial coverage in general will provide utilitarian in manakination and assist users in ending do as capacity of capital providers in companies. in particular users rely on the scrutinizeed pecuniary underwrites in their estimate and evaluation of companies’? performance. The analyseed monetary breeds will maturation its reliability and users will feel af securely on the answer fors affirm by the canvasors and would be equal to(p) to make decision wisely (FASB, Concepts Statement 2). patness itself will kick upstairs the usefulness of the information. There ar many ship canal to define magazineliness.Comm altogether known that patness is the insurance coverage keep from the attach to’? s accounting year end to the date of the analyse write up nabd (Chambers and Penman, 1984). Audit makeup lag would pick out the sh atomic derive 18holders and potential sh atomic number 18holders to table their transaction on sh ares (Ng and Tai, 1994). This in turn, would provide minus resolution to the fellowship. 50 Pg2Pg2 Bursa Malaysia1 has demanded for sequencely pecuniary nameage through the provision of Chapter 2 and Chapter 9 of the lean Requirements (2009), Bursa Malaysia Securities Berhad.Bursa Malaysia leaning requisite under chapter 9. 23 (a) provides that a public listed companies must submit its annual report to Bursa Malaysia at heart six months after the confederation’? s year end. To prevent companies from late submission of their scrutiniseed pecuniary reports, Bursa Malaysia in consultation with Securities Commission has enforce penalisation to public listed companies for bankruptcy to disclose the material facts such(prenominal) as the annual report within the time frame. However, despite the penalty organism imposed, there are companies that could non meet the submission deadline.This current scenario as reported in Bursa Malaysia website 2010 (www. bursamalaysia. com). Many professional and regulative bodies throw off interpreted various actions to list the reckons that clog companies in stick uping the submission of monetary reports. Bursa Malaysia highlighted that bodily validation mechanisms which is study mission would sportsman a large intention in the company to ensure that the accusatory of Bursa Malaysia on timely describe can be achieved. The amended Bursa Malaysia Listing requirement in 2009 provides that the ingredients of visited account mission must not be little(prenominal) than 3 persons.All outgrowths of the canvass delegacy must be non-executive directors, with a bulk of them being separate directors and at least(prenominal) one extremity is a member of the Malaysia Institute of Accountants (MIA). If the member of the study delegacy is not a member of MIA, the member must comport at lea st trio years of work give. Malaysian Government has recommended Malaysian calculate on unified Governance (MCCG, 2000) which was later revised in 2007. The revised code recommends that member of scrutinize military commission to conciliate of fully non-executive directors, be able to read, analyse and interpret pecuniary statements.This is to ensure that they would be able to effectively discharge their functions. Since canvassed account commissioning has a close working alliance with external scrutinizeors, the inspect deputation would able to assist the level of audited account coverage and assurance. This could be done by employing informal members in the audit direction (Abbott et al. 2003), thus, would improve opportuneness and trim back audit report lag. Past studies that give way examined the determinants of audit report lag among companies focused only(prenominal) on company’? limited variables such as company size, (Al-Ajmi, 2008), profitabilit y (Ahmad and Kamarudin, 2003), year end (Ahmed, 2003); supplement (Owusu-Ansah and Leventis, 2006), industry lawsuit (Jaggi and Tsui, 1999), audit opinion (Ng and Tai, 1994), and type of auditor (Afify, 2009). However, these studies did not examine bodily disposal mechanisms in relation to audit report lag. Afify (2009) and Tauringana (2008) examined the restore of corporate government mechanisms on audit report lag. Both studies were conducted in a non-Malaysian setting.Within the Malaysian context, studies that cast examined the trouble of timeliness using firm’? s particular proposition variable accommodate those by Ahmad and Kamarudin (2003) and Che-Ahmad and Abidin (2008). These ii studies did not examine the issue of timeliness in relation to corporate brass instrument mechanism. The current study extends the corporate government activity literature by examining the issue of timeliness of annual reports in the Malaysian commercialize by incorporating corp orate governance, firm’? s specific variables in relation to audit report lag.The father of the current study is to examine whether the existence of audit commission could assist in reducing audit report lag. Such examination is important since the audit literature has identified the place of audit committal in check outing the financial statement. This study aims to answer the sideline research question: â€Å"? Could audit mission play an important role in effectively observe the timeliness of audit report? This study contributes to the corporate governance and audit literature by examining knowledge of corporate governance; audit commission and the audit report lag.The findings of the study would take in policy implications for MCCG. It provides supporting evidence on whether the give risement of corporate governance could probatoryly emergence the timeliness of annual reports among companies in Malaysia. This study could assist Malaysian Institute of soma tic Governance 1 Bursa Malaysia was previously known as Kuala Lumpur express Exchange. 51 Pg3Pg3 (MICG) to provide best implement in regularise to enhance corporate governance mechanisms. The findings could as well as assist external auditors in evaluating the dominance of the audit delegation in their audit planning.Such care would assist the external auditors in identifying the best time to be allocated for their audit engagements in terms of social movement such as whether to reduce or append effort and the amount of fees to be charged. The remainder of the piece of music is organized as follows. First, it discusses on literature re depend and hypotheses development. Next, it describes on research design to conduct the study. It however provides the results of the compendium and discussion. The final part concludes and provides suggestions for future research. 2. literary productions study and Hypotheses DevelopmentWithin the corporate governance mechanisms, audit c itizens delegacy plays an important role in the monitoring edge as well as its coverage role in companies. These members would reduce auditors’? task complexity and increase timeliness. Therefore, arguably, audit committee would be able to reduce audit report lag. This is because the appointment of audit committee are in line with the agency theory (Jensen and Meckling 1976) where agents act on behalf of principles in ensuring the company is acting well and provides quality annual reporting.The pursual subsections develop trinity hypotheses to meet the objectives of the study which are think to the characteristics of audit committee. 2. 1. Audit Committee Independence tally to the agency theory, the supreme members in audit committee could help the principals to monitor the agents’? activities and reduce benefits from withholding information. This is because audit committee with much(prenominal) independent directors is considered as being a more reliable group different than board of directors in monitoring the company.The effective role provides by audit committee would be beguile to represent the rights and privileges for all stakeholders. An independent audit committee enhances the effectiveness of monitoring function since it serves as a reinforcing agent to the independence of knowledgeable and external auditors in a company. Menon and Williams (1994) posits that an audit committee must comprise entirely of independent directors in order to be more effective. Klein (2002) shows that independent audit committees reduce the likelihood of clams forethought, thus improving transparency.Carcello et al. (2000) set in motion that audit committee independence convey positive material descent with audit fees. This provides evidence that independence of the audit committee would bestow to higher quality of financial report. Further, Ismail et al. (2008) found that the independence of audit committee would not catch the qualit y reporting of the companies. They argue that this is ascribable to the companies only fulfilling the requirements, rather than the impact of the requirements. In contrast, Ali Shah et al. 2009) found that companies in Pakistan are having good corporate governance through having independence of audit committee. Bursa Malaysia Listing requirements (2009) and MCCG (2007) nonplus highlighted that the audit committee tycoon institute stronger inner break and good monitoring of financial reporting process in a company. The strong infixed encounter managed by audit committee would lead to auditors reducing their work on the company’? s accounts because of their reliance on the internal reign over of the company. This would by and by lead to the decrease in audit delay.Therefore, the outgrowth hypothesis is developed. H1: There is negative relationship between the audit committee independence and audit report lag. 52 Pg4Pg4 2. 2. Audit Committee Diligence Ismail et al. (200 8), legal profession audit committee diligence based on actual physical body of audit committee meetings held in a year. Audit committee meetings are considered as an important tool in ensuring audit committee members are fulfilling their responsibilities towards the company. Audit committee must operate out activities effectively through increased absolute oftenness of meetings in order to maintain its ascendency functions (Bedard et al. 2004). Abbott et al. 2000) in their examination found that audit committee that meets at least twice annually is subjected to less pic of sanction by the authorities. This is because regular meetings conducted would delegate that the audit committee discharges their duties in a well dash as an agent in the company. They also state that audit committee that is wholly independent is also active by way of having meetings. Dechow et al. (1996) argue that audit committee is an integral part of a company that emphasises high level monitoring. M oreover, the monitoring function would be more effective in terms of financial reporting.American Bar Association posits that an audit committee which holds less than 2 meetings annually is considered not committed to their duties. This indicates that the audit committee is unable to contribute to the internal control in that situation. Auditors who really monitor the internal control function of the company would reduce their works. However, Ismail et al. (2008) found that frequency of audit committee meeting could not curve the quality reporting of the companies. They argue that this is due to the companies only fulfilling the requirements, rather than the impact of the requirements.Razman and Iskandar (2004) found Malaysian companies that go for good reporting meet more common than poor reporting companies. This is because, during the meeting, they can monitor the management activities. Of consequence, this will lead to the decrease time taken on auditing by the auditors and r educe the reporting lag. Therefore, following hypothesis is developed. H2: There is negative relationship between audit committee diligence and audit report lag. 2. 3. Audit Committee Expertise Audit committee expertise is important in order to stool effectively with external auditors.This is because audit committee typically acts as the mediator between the management and the auditors. DeZoort et al. (2003) post that audit committee members with experience in financial reporting and auditing especially those who are CPAs would insure auditors’? tasks and responsibilities. They would ferment more supportive of the auditors compared to audit committee members who do not have corresponding experience. Audit committee members who are experts are more ‘? friendly’? with the auditors, comprehensible, coherent and coherent when they are discussing with the auditors regarding the financial reporting of the company.Audit committee with more expertise would be more interested about the financial reporting quality of the company. DeZoort (1998) contends that an audit committee with more internal control experience makes decisions or judgments similar to auditors compared to those audit committee members who are without experience. This reflects that experience in the accounting, internal control or auditing is fundamental to enable the audit committee to understand and cater on the problematic issue on the financial reporting system of the company. They would also distinguish the benefits of producing financial statement on time at the commercialise.It is also identified that audit committee with financial expertise are going to facilitate to severally one other. As discussed in resource based theory, the resources and capabilities that audit committee posses with financial expertise may assist in improving the firm performance. Listed companies in Malaysia that have financial literate members of audit committee would have ability to end u p with good financial report (Razman and Iskandar, 2004). This is because audit committee who has knowledge in accounting and auditing is able to found their ability in monitoring of internal control and reporting.Strong internal control also would lead the auditors in 53 Pg5Pg5 reducing their work because of their reliance on the credibility of the internal control. Therefore, the following hypothesis is developed: H3: There is negative relationship between the audit committee expertise and the audit report lag. 3. Research Design pattern covered in this study are among 288 companies listed at Bursa Malaysia for three years from 2007 to 2009. The precedents are chosen every which way from 806 of the population. hold over 1: Total calculate of companies and try out based on industry IndustryPopulationSample of companiesPercentConstruction49197 Consumer1395318 Hotel521 Industrial2658830 Infrastructure731 Property883111 Plantation43166 Technology29124 Trading & services1816 422 TOTAL806288100 The companies listed at Bursa Malaysia are selected for this study because they are governed by the rules and regulations imposed by MCCG and Bursa Malaysia Listing Requirements. The companies selected include consumer, industrial products, concern and services, construction, infrastructure, hotel, property, technology and plantation. put back 1 provides the rate of companies selected from each of the vault of heaven.There are seven operational variables which comprise of one dependent variable, three independent variables and three control variables as describe in turn off 2. board 2: Variables Measurements VariablesDefinition Dependent ARLAudit report lag free-living ACINDAC independence ACMEETAC meeting (ACdiligence) ACEXPAC expertise (AC experience) figure SIZECompany size AUDIT TYPEType of audit firm PROFProfitability Measurement Represents the number of days elapsing between the end of the monetary year of the company to the completion of the audit for the current year for each mortal firm (the audit report date)Percentage of non-executive directors to the tally of audit committee members Number of audit committee meeting No of audit committee member with telescope experience in financial reporting (such as MIA,MICPA) to the intact of audit committee members. Natural log of year end add assets Dummy variable, ‘? 1’? if auditor is one of the precedent Big-4 audit firms, ‘? 0’? otherwise PROF = rescue on asset, measured by net income split up with entirety assets 54 Pg6Pg6 4. Results 4. 1. Descriptive Statistic fudge 3: Descriptive Statistics for Audit Report Lag (N= 288) YearNMinimumMaximumMeanMedian 2007ARL28840. 00184. 00103. 14110. 50 008ARL28840. 00146. 00103. 42111. 00 2009ARL28836. 00136. 00102. 46110. 00 2007- 2009ARL86436. 00184. 00103. 00111. 00 Notes: ARL = number of days between the end of the fiscal year to the date of completion of audit As shown in confuse 3, the regard as sco re of audit report lag for the pooled sample is 103 days with a maximum and borderline days of 184 and 36 respectively. This indicates that on average, the companies took 103 days to complete their audit report. Using the pooled sample from period from period 2007 to 2009, the results indicate that the companies did adopt with Bursa Malaysia listing requirements and he Companies act where they submit their report within six months except for one company which took 184 days to submit the report. It shows that companies are improving over the years on the number of days taken to complete the annual reports. The results of this study are somewhat similar to Afify (2009) that found the maximum and mean score number of days to complete the annual report was one hundred fifteen days and 67 days respectively. The results indicate that the number of days that the companies took to complete the audit report has reduce from 2007-2009 by 48 days. Results on previous study show relative dif ference with the current study.Che-Ahmad and Abidin (2008) found that 442 days while Ahmad and Kamarudin (2003) reveal 273 days on the maximum of days to complete the annual report. Table 4: Number of companies and audit report lag for 2007 †2009 Audit report lagNo. ofNo. ofNo. of ARL (within)companiescompaniescompanies Year / percentage2007Percent2008Percent2009Percent 1 month (30 days)00. 0000. 0000. 00 2 months (60days)227. 64206. 94258. 68 3 months (90days)4214. 584114. 244114. 24 4 months (120days)19868. 7521173. 2620872. 22 5 months (150days)258. 68165. 56144. 86 6 months (180days)00. 0000. 0000. 00More than 180days10. 3500. 0000. 00 Total288100288100288100 Table 4 shows that for the three year period, no company has completed and submitted their annual report within a month. The results also show that for the three year period, 41 to 42 companies have completed and submitted their annual report within 3 months. None of the companies have submitted their audit reports exc eeding 6 months except for one company which managed to submit their audited report only after 184 days in year 2007. The results in Table 4 shows that close companies reports way ahead the date stipulated by Chapter 9 (9. 3a) of Bursa Malaysia Listing Requirement that the annual report shall be issued and submitted within a period not exceeding 6 months from the financial year end of the company. Such results indicated that the companies are concerned and realised that audited reports are useful for users’? 55 Pg7Pg7 decision-making. The results support the notion that riotous delay in publishing financial statements would increase uncertainty in relation to investment decisions(Ashton et al. 1987; Ahmad and Kamarudin, 2003). Table 5: Descriptive statistic for Audit Committee Characteristics and view VariablesIndependent VariableNMinimumMaximumMeanMedianStd. Deviation ACIND8640. 601. 000. 931. 000. 18 ACDIL8641. 0012. 004. 845. 001. 67 ACEXP8640. 001. 000. 400. 330. 19 Co ntrol variable SIZE TOTASSET (RM BILLION)8649 -336. 640. 790. 242. 86 TYPEAUD864010. 580. 000. 49 PROFITABILITY864-1. 8811. 0590. 030. 030. 40 Notes: ACINDP= percentage of non-executive directors to the total of audit committee members ACDIL= number of audit committee meeting ACEXP= no of audit committee member with background experience in financial reporting TOTASSET= total assets that the companies have at the end of the financial year.TYPEAUD= ‘? 1’? if audited by Big-4, ‘? 0’? if otherwise PROFITABILITY= net income shared with total assets Table 5 presents the characteristics of the audit committee among the listed companies. The results show that audit committee independence (ACIND) has a mean score 93 percent. The results also show that the listed companies minimum score of 60 percent of their audit committee member being represented by independent directors. The results indicate that the companies comply with the Bursa Malaysia listing requirement (2009) which requires a company to have majority of the audit committee members being ndependent directors. Although the requirement of Bursa Malaysia on the number of independent directors in a board of directors is different from MCCG’? s (2007) requirement, the requirement of Bursa Malaysia listing requirement prevails MCCG’? s requirements2. Table 5 also presents the results on the number of meetings held by the audit committee. The results show that almost all audit committee in the listed companies discharge their duties appropriately in which on average 5 meetings were being held.The highest number of meeting held by the audit committee during the three year period was 12 times. MCCG (2007) provides that companies should have their audit committee meeting at least 4 times a year. Table 5 also shows the mean score of audit committee expertise (ACEXP) as 0. 4 (40 percent). Such results indicate that most audit committee in the listed companies have audit committee members with experience in financial reporting. moreover 24 of the companies (2. 78 percent) formed their audit committee with members not having accounting qualification.The later results did not comply with requirements of Bursa Malaysia listing requirements and MCCG that states at least one member of the audit committee must fulfill the financial expertise requisite. In fact, two companies for the three year period have yet to comply with the requirement to have one of the audit committee members’? with financial expertise. 4. 2. coefficient of correlation Matrix Analysis Table 6 shows a non-significant value (0. 333) which is more than 0. 05, indicating data normality. establish on Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro Wilk tests, this study concludes that audit report lag is normally distributed. MCCG (2007) provides that, all members of the audit committee should be non-executive directors. 56 Pg8Pg8 Table 6: Normality turn out for Audit Report Lag Kolmogorov-SmirnovaShap iro-Wilk StatisticdfSig. StatisticdfSig. NARL0. 0348640. 0210. 9988640. 333 a. Lilliefors Significance fudge factor Table 7 shows no correlation problem among the variables since the value is less than 0. 5. The variance inflation factor (VIF) indicates all variables have a value down the stairs two which is within the acceptable range of 10. Table 7: Correlation Matrix Table ARLACDILACINDACEXPLog_AssetTYPEAUDROA ARL1 ACDIL0. 096**1 ACIND-0. 68*0. 0301 ACEXP-0. 0190. 0220. 0131 LOG_ASSET-0. 170**0. 093**0. 078*-0. 0031 TYPE AUD-0. 170**-0. 088**0. 010-0. 0210. 195**1 ROA-0. 076*0. 0330. 029-0. 032-0. 0210. 0061 **Correlation is significant at the 0. 01 level (2-tailed). * Correlation is significant at the 0. 05 level (2-tailed) Notes: ACINDP= percentage of non-executive directors to the total of audit committee members ACDIL= number of audit committee meeting ACEXP= no of audit committee member with background experience in financial reporting LOG_ASSET= congenital log of total as sets (in billions of ringgit Malaysia) TYPEAUD= ‘? 1’? f audited by Big-4, ‘? 0’? if otherwise ROA= net income divided with total assets 4. 3. Fixed Panel reverting This section presents the results of the fixed instrument panel regression using Eviews. The panel data analysis is an increasingly popular form of longitudinal data analysis among social and behavioral science researchers (Hsiao, 2003). A panel is a crosswise or group of people who are surveyed sporadically over a given time period. In this study, the group is the listed companies selected and the time is the duration of the data collected, which is the three year period of 2007 until 2009.Since the data is bound to be heterogeneity, the panel data technique could take such heterogeneity explicitly into account by allowing individual specific variables (Gujarati, 2003). Normal regression does not lay out firm’? s specific effect which would lead to variables being omitted and mis-s pecified the sticker (Fraser et al. 2005). Fixed effect model could overcome such problem by adjusting the effect through firm’? s specific interrupt by capturing immeasurable firm’? s specific characteristics (Fraser et al. 2005). Panel data provides more informative of data, division and efficiency.Under the panel data, the model is generated as follows: ARL = ?? 1ACINDP + ?? 2ACMEET + ?? 3ACEXP +?? 4SIZE+ ?? 5AUDTYPE +?? 6PROF + ?? it Table 8: Fixed Panel Regression Result VariableCoefficientProb. ACIND-0. 0217060. 001* ACDIL-0. 0098350. 899 ACEXP-0. 0400840. 001* LOG_ASSET-0. 1297820. 012* ROA-0. 0021460. 264 TYPEAUD0. 0025350. 294 C5. 7867340. 000 N864 57 Pg9Pg9 Table 8: Fixed Panel Regression Result †continued alter R-squared0. 802562 F-statistic12. 811 Prob(F-statistic)0. 000 Notes: ACINDP= percentage of non-executive directors to the total of audit committee members ACDIL=number of audit committee meetingACEXP= no of audit committee member with backgr ound experience in financial reporting LOG_ASSET= natural log of total assets (in billions of ringgit Malaysia) TYPEAUD= ‘? 1’? if audited by Big-4, ‘? 0’? if otherwise ROA= net income divided with total assets Adjusted R2= adjusted R2 coefficient determination F stat= indicate how a good deal variation is explained by the regression equation. *significant at 1%. Table 8 shows that the audit committee independence (ACINDP) and audit committee expertise (ACEXP) are significant at 1% level. Thus, accepting hypotheses one and three respectively.On the other hand, the results show that there is no relationship between audit committee diligence and audit report lag. Therefore, hypothesis two is rejected. The results indicate that audit committee independence and audit committee expertise may reduce on audit report lag but audit committee diligence could not tempt audit report lag. Carcello et al. (2000) found that audit committee independence and audit committ ee expertise have significant relationship with audit fee while audit committee diligence did not provide any relationship on audit fees.The results in this study shows significant relationship between audit independence and audit report lag which is similar to Klein (2002) that found that more independent audit committee members would effectively influence financial reporting quality. The results of this study support the view that audit committee with a simple majority of independent audit committee members are more likely to fulfill its duties effectively compared to an audit committee members that have no independent audit committee members.This is consistent with agency theory where independent members in an audit committee could assist principals to monitor the agents’? activities and reduce benefits from withholding information. They would have had provided more effective roles in monitoring the companies. Further, the number of financial experts on audit committee wil l reduce incident of maneuver (Farber, 2005). A member with financial expertise demonstrate a high level of financial reporting knowledge and thus expected to lead the committee, identify and ask knowledgeable questions that challenge management and external auditor (He et al. 009). In practice, it is a general notion that more meeting and discussion of the committee would improve the performance of the company. However, similar to the study done by Uzun et al. (2004), the results in this study show that the number of audit committee meeting held is not significantly associated with audit report lag. More frequent meeting that the company has does not necessarily provide better achievement to the companies. Thus, the company takes to ensure audit committee member raised and resolved issues with management during the meeting, and as a result improve the quality of reporting. . stopping point The results of this study show that audit committee characteristics: audit committee ind ependence and audit committee expertise contribute as important factors that affect audit report lag of the companies. Such results correspond to the resource based theory where those characteristics of audit committee as the resources and capabilities that may improve companies’? performance as well as on the corporate 58 Pg10Pg10 reporting.These two characteristics represent the Bursa Malaysia listing requirement that require audit committee compose of not fewer than 3 members with majority of them being independent directors and requires at least one member of the audit committee to have financial expertise requisite. Audit committees with those characteristics could assist the companies to be timely in their annual reporting. Finally, this study could not find significant link between audit committee meeting to audit report lag.This study suggests that audit committee could prioritise important things that need to be resolved during the meeting in order to improve the per formance of the company as well as in assuring audit report lag. This study is not without limitations. 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